The aim of the present study is the identification, in liquid biopsies, of a new molecular panel able to discriminate renal cancer patients from controls, to discriminate patients with a malignant lesion from those with a benign mass, to determine aggressiveness of RCC, and to differentiate the most common histological subtypes of RCC (clear cell, papillary 1, papillary 2, and chromophobe). This new molecular panel will be combined with clinical parameters to provide a screening test and to improve the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis, prognosis, and histological classification of renal cancer.