Learn About Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

What is the definition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a serious form of pneumonia. Infection with the SARS virus causes acute respiratory distress (severe breathing difficulty), and sometimes death.

This article is about the outbreak of SARS that occurred in 2003. For information about the COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2, please see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website.

What are the alternative names for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

SARS; Respiratory failure - SARS; SARS coronavirus; SARS-CoV

What are the causes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

SARS is caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). It is one of the coronavirus family of viruses (the same family that can cause the common cold). An epidemic of SARS started in 2003 when the virus spread from small mammals to people in China. This outbreak quickly reached global proportions, but was contained in 2003. No new cases of SARS have been reported since 2004.

When someone with SARS coughs or sneezes, infected droplets spray into the air. You can catch the SARS virus if you breathe in or touch these particles. The SARS virus may live on hands, tissues, and other surfaces for up to several hours in these droplets. The virus may be able to live for months or years when the temperature is below freezing.

While the spread of droplets through close contact caused most of the early SARS cases, SARS might also spread by hands and other objects the droplets has touched. Airborne transmission is a real possibility in some cases. Live virus has also been found in the stool of people with SARS, where it has been shown to live for up to 4 days.

With other coronaviruses, becoming infected and then getting sick again (reinfection) is common. This may also be the case with SARS.

Symptoms usually occur 2 to 10 days after coming in contact with the virus. People with active symptoms of illness are contagious. But it is not known for how long a person may be contagious after symptoms appear.

What are the symptoms of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Most people who get SARS will have symptoms.

The main symptoms are:

  • Cough
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Fever of 100.4°F (38.0°C) or higher
  • Other breathing symptoms

The most common symptoms are:

  • Chills and shaking
  • Cough, usually starts 2 to 7 days after other symptoms
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Tiredness

Less common symptoms include:

  • Cough that produces phlegm (sputum)
  • Diarrhea
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea and vomiting

In some people, the lung symptoms get worse during the second week of illness, even after the fever has stopped.

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What are the current treatments for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

People who are thought to have SARS should be checked right away by a provider. If they are suspected of having SARS, they should be kept isolated in a hospital.

Treatment may include:

  • Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia (until bacterial pneumonia is ruled out or if there is bacterial pneumonia in addition to SARS) and to treat bacterial infections that could occur in addition to SARS
  • Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy

In some serious cases, the liquid part of blood from people who have already recovered from SARS has been given as a treatment.

There is no strong evidence that these treatments work well. There is evidence that the antiviral medicine, ribavirin, does not work. Newer antivirals have not been tried as the disease has not occurred recently.

Who are the top Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Local Doctors?
Family Medicine
Family Medicine

MD - First Health Care LLC

1130 Hwy 9 W Byp, 
Lancaster, SC 
 (17.4 mi)
Languages Spoken:
English, Castilian, Hindi, Spanish
Accepting New Patients

Amrendra Kumar is a Family Medicine provider in Lancaster, South Carolina. Dr. Kumar and is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). His top areas of expertise are Chronic Pancreatitis, Hereditary Pancreatitis, Tracheitis, and COVID-19. Dr. Kumar is currently accepting new patients.

Amina B. Ahmed
Pediatric Infectious Disease | Infectious Disease | Pediatrics
Pediatric Infectious Disease | Infectious Disease | Pediatrics
4501 Cameron Valley Pkwy, Ste 300, 
Charlotte, NC 
 (43.4 mi)
Languages Spoken:
English
Accepting New Patients

Amina Ahmed is a Pediatric Infectious Disease specialist and an Infectious Disease provider in Charlotte, North Carolina. Dr. Ahmed and is rated as an Experienced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Her top areas of expertise are Congenital Cytomegalovirus, Cytomegalovirus Infection, Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease, and Neonatal Herpes. Dr. Ahmed is currently accepting new patients.

 
 
 
 
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Infectious Disease
Infectious Disease

Prisma Health Medical Group-Midlands

1 Richland Medical Park Dr, Suite 420, 
Columbia, SC 
 (44.5 mi)
Languages Spoken:
English
Accepting New Patients

Sharon Weissman is an Infectious Disease provider in Columbia, South Carolina. Dr. Weissman and is rated as an Advanced provider by MediFind in the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Her top areas of expertise are HIV/AIDS, COVID-19, Myelitis, and AIDS Dysmorphic Syndrome. Dr. Weissman is currently accepting new patients.

What is the outlook (prognosis) for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

In the 2003 outbreak, the death rate from SARS was 9% to 12% of those diagnosed. In people over age 65, the death rate was higher than 50%. The illness was milder in younger people.

In the older population, many more people became sick enough to need breathing assistance. And even more people had to be treated in hospital intensive care units.

Public health policies were effective at controlling outbreaks of SARS. Since 2004, there have been no cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world.

What are the possible complications of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Complications may include:

  • Respiratory failure
  • Liver failure
  • Heart failure
  • Kidney problems
When should I contact a medical professional for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Contact your provider if you or someone you have been in close contact with has SARS.

How do I prevent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

Currently, there is no known SARS transmission anywhere in the world. If a SARS outbreak occurs, reducing your contact with people who have SARS lowers your risk for the disease. Avoid travel to places where there is an uncontrolled SARS outbreak. When possible, avoid direct contact with people who have SARS until at least 10 days after their fever and other symptoms are gone.

  • Hand hygiene is the most important part of SARS prevention. Wash your hands or clean them with an alcohol-based instant hand sanitizer.
  • Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Droplets that are released when a person sneezes or coughs are infectious.
  • DO NOT share food, drink, or utensils.
  • Clean commonly touched surfaces with an EPA-approved disinfectant.

Masks and goggles may be useful for preventing the spread of the disease. You may use gloves when handling items that may have touched infected droplets.

What are the latest Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Clinical Trials?
Dietary Modulation of Gut Microbiota on Nutritional Status and COVID-19 Infection in Adolescents: Gut-Lung-Axis

Summary: Probiotic intervention has been currently suggested to provide supportive benefits in promoting health, including alleviating disease symptoms, protecting against diarrhea and respiratory infection, affecting growth and modulating the immune system by improving the beneficial gut microbiota colonization, giving direction on the gut-lung-axis pathway. This indicates that probiotics may become alter...

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Admission and Management of Occupational or Other Exposures to Biodefense/Bioterrorism Agents or to Epidemic/Emerging Infectious Diseases

Background: - Increased clinical attention has been paid to the evaluation and management of bioterrorism-related illness (such as anthrax infection) and emerging infectious diseases (such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome \[SARS\] and new strains of influenza). However, evaluation and treatment data for these illnesses are often limited because human infections to date have been relatively limited. Furthe...

Who are the sources who wrote this article ?

Published Date: January 22, 2023
Published By: Denis Hadjiliadis, MD, MHS, Paul F. Harron Jr. Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

What are the references for this article ?

Gerber SI, Watson JT. PRE-2019 coronaviruses. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 26th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 342.

Perlman S, McIntosh K. Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 155.